Provision of text messages to emergency call takers

ABSTRACT

Concurrent text and voice communications can be maintained with an emergency call taker. An application executing on a mobile communications device in conjunction with a network gateway provide voice communication as well as an interactive Short Messaging System (SMS) session with a public safety answering point (PSAP). The gateway correlates and manages SMS messages with the PSAP and the mobile device. As such, a virtual session is generated over a traffic channel, that provides the advantages of a voice call as well as allowing text based communications.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The technical field generally relates to public safety, and morespecifically relates to providing Short Messaging Service (SMS) textmessages to public safety answering points (PSAPs).

BACKGROUND

Typically, in a emergency situation, an individual calls 911. Morecurrently however, the popularity of text messaging has grown to thepoint that many people prefer sending and receiving a text messagerather than making and receiving a voice based call. Current textmessaging systems, such as the Short Messaging System (SMS) are notcompatible with today's emergency services.

SUMMARY

An application installed on a mobile communications device facilitatesvoice communication as well as an interactive Short Messaging System(SMS) session with a public safety answering point (PSAP). In an exampleembodiment, a gateway residing in a network correlates and manages SMSmessages with the PSAP and the mobile device. As such, a virtual sessionis generated over a voice channel (also referred to as a trafficchannel), that provides the advantages of a voice call as well asallowing text based communications over the same path. A user of themobile communications device is able to create and view text messageswhile engaged in a phone call.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example system and process for communicating withan emergency call taker via a text message.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an example wireless communications device40 that is configurable to be communicate with an emergency call takervia a text message.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an example gateway 18.

FIG. 4 depicts an overall block diagram of an exemplary packet-basedmobile cellular network environment, such as a GPRS network, in whichcommunication with an emergency call taker via a text message can beimplemented.

FIG. 5 illustrates an architecture of a typical GPRS network in whichcommunication with an emergency call taker via a text message can beimplemented.

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary block diagram view of a GSM/GPRS/IPmultimedia network architecture within which communication with anemergency call taker via a text message can be implemented.

FIG. 7 illustrates a PLMN block diagram view of an exemplaryarchitecture in which the above described embodiments of communicationwith an emergency call taker via a text message may be incorporated.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example system and process for communicating withan emergency call taker via a text message. As depicted in FIG. 1, user12, wants to make an emergency call to an emergency service for example(e.g., to 911). The user 12 can start an application that has previouslybeen installed on his/her mobile communications device 14. Theapplication can provide the user 12, via a user interface, or the like,on the mobile communications device 14, the option to initiate a textbased session. In an example configuration, a text based session couldautomatically be initiated via preferences in the user's profile.Responsive to initiating the text based session, a call is placed topublic safety answering point (PSAP) 16, at step 22 (e.g., 911 isdialed). When the 911 call taker at the PSAP 16 answers the call, anindication that the call has been answered is sent from the PSAP 16 tothe mobile communications device 14 at step 24. When the 911 call takerat the PSAP 16 answers the call, the call taker hears an audio messageindicating that a text message is to follow. This informs the call takerthat the emergency call will be in the form of a text session. Themessage can be a predetermined, previously recorded message. The messagecan be a digitally recorded message. In an example embodiment, themessage is sent by the mobile communications device 14 to the PSAP 16 atstep 26. In another example embodiment, an indicator is sent by themobile communications device 14 to the PSAP 16 at step 26. The indicatorindicates that a predetermined message (e.g., “Text message to follow”)is to be retrieved, for example, from storage at the PSAP 16 and/or fromexternal storage (external to the PSAP 16, such as a database forexample), and rendered (e.g., audibly) to the call taker. The indicatorcan comprise any appropriate indication means for indicating that amessage is to be retrieved.

The user 12 is provided means for entering text via the mobilecommunications device 14. In an example configuration, the a screen isdisplayed on the mobile communications device 14, wherein the user 12may enter text to be delivered to the PSAP call taker. The text couldappear as a character by character or line by line entry, could appearsimilar to an instant message, could appear similar to a chat session,or the like, or any combination thereof. In an example embodiment,speech could be converted to text, and the converted text can be used asthe text message. Speech can be converted to text via any appropriateconversion means. In another example embodiment, the text could bepre-stored messages in the application on the mobile communicationdevice 14. The mobile communication device 14 may also have thecapability to determine its location, for example using the GlobalPositioning System (GPS). This location information may also be includedin the text message to the PSAP either specified by the user 12 when thetext message is created, or can be requested by the PSAP call takerthrough a text message to the mobile communication device 14 requestingthe location information (e.g. “Location Request”).

The PSAP call taker initiates a process to send a session initiationmessage from the PSAP 16 to the gateway 18. The session initiationmessage is sent from the PSAP 16 to the gateway 18, at step 28. Thesession initiation message comprises an indication that the sessionbetween the call taker and the user is text session. The sessioninitiation message also can comprise an indication as to which calltaker will be handling the session. The indication of the call takerhandling the session with the device can be an ID associated with thecall taker, or any appropriate identification means. The sessioninitiation message further can comprise an indication of the identity ofthe device (e.g., mobile communications device 14) being used for thesession. In an example embodiment, the identity of the device is thephone number of the device. However, the identify of the device cancomprise any appropriate identification means. In an exampleconfiguration, the gateway 18 stores the information (e.g., identity ofthe call taker handling the session, identity of the device, and/orindication that the session between the call taker and the user is textsession) received in the session initiation message. This informationcan be stored in the gateway 18, external to the gateway 18, or acombination thereof.

At step 30, the gateway 18 sends a text message to the mobile device 14via a traffic channel indicating that the PSAP 16 has established thesession. A traffic channel in a cellular system carries voice and datainformation between a mobile device and a network. A control channelcarries signaling, control, and data information between the mobiledevice and the network. A control channel does not carry voiceinformation, and but carry limited user data information such as SMS orcell broadcast text messages. The text message can be any appropriatemessage (e.g., “Text Session Established”). The message can be apredetermined, previously recorded message. In an example embodiment,the message is sent by the gateway 18 to the mobile communicationsdevice 14 at step 30. In another example embodiment, an indicator issent by the gateway 18 to the mobile communications device 14 at step30. The indicator indicates that a predetermined message (e.g., “TextSession Established”) is to be retrieved, for example, from storage, onmobile communications device 14, and/or from external storage (externalto the mobile device 14, such as a database for example), and rendered(e.g., visually) to the user. The indicator can comprise any appropriateindication means for indicating that a message is to be retrieved.

The user 12 may then enter emergency information via the mobilecommunications device 14. Upon completion, the user sends the textmessage, which is delivered over the voice channel, to the Short MessageService Center (SMSC) 20, at step 32. The application, executing on themobile communications device 14, ensures that the destination address ofthe text message is 911 or other appropriate address indicating anemergency message. The SMSC 20 recognizes that the destination addressof the text message is 911 and immediately forwards the text message tothe gateway 18 at step 34.

Upon receipt of the text message (from step 34), the gateway 18determines the PSAP call taker handling the session. In an exampleembodiment, the gateway 18 correlates the incoming text message with theinformation provided in the session initiation message (received viastep 28) to determine the call taker handling the session. The gateway18 can correlate the incoming text message with the information providedin the session initiation message in any appropriate manner. Forexample, the gateway 18 can determine (from the text message receivedvia step 34) the identity of the device sending the text message (e.g.,phone number of the device), and use the identity of the device todetermine the call taker handling the session for that device. Upondetermining the call taker handling the session, the gateway 18 sendsthe text message to call taker handling the session at step 36. At thispoint, two way communications via text messages can continue between thePSAP 16, the gateway 18, the SMSC 20, and the mobile communicationsdevice 14.

The user 12, via the application executing on the mobile communicationdevice 14 can maintain concurrent voice communication with the calltaker handling the session at PSAP 16. Communication between the user 12and the call taker is interactive. Thus, the system and process depictedin FIG. 1 provide for an interactive SMS session with a PSAP over atraffic channel that can be maintained concurrently with voicecommunications between the user and the call taker. The system andprocess described herein avoid latency issues because a text message isnot required to be stored until a recipient is located.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an example wireless communications device40 that is configurable to be communicate with an emergency call takervia a text message. In an example configuration, the wirelesscommunications device 40 is a mobile wireless device. The communicationsdevice 40 can include any appropriate device, mechanism, software,and/or hardware for facilitating communication with an emergency calltaker via a text message as described herein. As described herein, thecommunications device 40 comprises hardware or a combination of hardwareand software. In an example configuration, the communications device 40comprises a processing portion 42, a memory portion 44, an input/outputportion 46, a user interface (UI) portion 48, and a sensor portion 50comprising at least one of a video camera portion 52, a force/wavesensor 54, a microphone 56, a moisture sensor 58, or a combinationthereof. The force/wave sensor comprises at least one of a motiondetector, an accelerometer, an acoustic sensor, a tilt sensor, apressure sensor, a temperature sensor, or the like. The motion detectoris configured to detect motion occurring outside of the communicationsdevice, for example via disturbance of a standing wave, viaelectromagnetic and/or acoustic energy, or the like. The accelerator iscapable of sensing acceleration, motion, and/or movement of thecommunications device. The acoustic sensor is capable of sensingacoustic energy, such as a loud noise, for example. The tilt sensor iscapable of detecting a tilt of the communications device. The pressuresensor is capable of sensing pressure against the communications device,such as from a shock wave caused by broken glass or the like. Thetemperature sensor is capable of sensing a measuring temperature, suchas inside of the vehicle, room, building, or the like. The moisturesensor 58 is capable of detecting moisture, such as detecting if thecommunications device 40 is submerged in a liquid. The processingportion 42, memory portion 44, input/output portion 46, user interface(UI) portion 48, video camera portion 52, force/wave sensor 54, andmicrophone 56 are coupled together to allow communications therebetween(coupling not shown in FIG. 2). The communications device can comprise atimer (not depicted in FIG. 2).

In various embodiments, the input/output portion 46 comprises a receiverof the communications device 40, a transmitter of the communicationsdevice 40, or a combination thereof. The input/output portion 46 iscapable of receiving and/or providing information pertaining toutilizing communication with an emergency call taker via a text messagevia the communications device 40 as described herein. The input/outputportion 46 also is capable of communications with the gateway 18, asdescribed herein. For example, the input/output portion 46 can include awireless communications (e.g., 2.5G/3G/GPS) SIM card. The input/outputportion 46 is capable of receiving and/or sending video information,audio information, control information, image information, data, or anycombination thereof. In an example embodiment, the input/output portion46 is capable of receiving and/or sending information to determine alocation of the communications device 40. In an example configuration,the input\output portion 46 comprises a GPS receiver. In an exampleconfiguration, the communications device 40 can determine its owngeographical location through any type of location determination systemincluding, for example, the Global Positioning System (GPS), assistedGPS (A-GPS), time difference of arrival calculations, configuredconstant location (in the case of non-moving devices), any combinationthereof, or any other appropriate means. In various configurations, theinput/output portion 46 can receive and/or provide information via anyappropriate means, such as, for example, optical means (e.g., infrared),electromagnetic means (e.g., RF, WI-FI, BLUETOOTH, ZIGBEE, etc.),acoustic means (e.g., speaker, microphone, ultrasonic receiver,ultrasonic transmitter), or a combination thereof. In an exampleconfiguration, the input/output portion comprises a WIFI finder, a twoway GPS chipset or equivalent, or the like.

The processing portion 42 is capable of facilitating communication withan emergency call taker via a text message via the communications device40 as described herein. For example, the processing portion 42 iscapable of, in conjunction with any other portion of the communicationsdevice 40, executing an application for facilitating communication withan emergency call taker via a text message, generating a text message,processing a received text message, processing a retrieved text message,generating a predetermined message, retrieving a predetermined message,processing text messages provided via the user interface portion 48,processing text messages received via the input/output portion 46, orthe like, or any combination thereof. The processing portion 42, inconjunction with any other portion of the communications device 40, canprovide the ability for users/subscribers to enable, disable, andconfigure various features of an application for facilitatingcommunication with an emergency call taker via a text message, asdescribed herein. For example, a user, subscriber, parent, healthcareprovider, law enforcement agent, of the like, can define configurationparameters such as, for example, an emergency contact list,voice/text/image/video options for an emergency call, threshold settings(e.g., timer settings, signature settings, etc.), to be utilized whensending and/or receiving a text message to/from an emergency call taker.The processing portion 42, in conjunction with any other portion of thecommunications device 40, enables the communications device 40 to covertspeech to text when it is configured to send text messages whilefacilitating communication with an emergency call taker via a textmessage. In an example embodiment, the processing portion 42, inconjunction with any other portion of the communications device 40, canconvert text to speech for rendering via the user interface portion 48.

In a basic configuration, the communications device 40 can include atleast one memory portion 44. The memory portion 44 can store anyinformation utilized in conjunction with facilitating communication withan emergency call taker via a text message as described herein. Forexample, the memory portion 44 is capable of storing informationpertaining to a location of a communications device 40, a predeterminedtext message, a text message, a predetermined audio message, an audiomessage, subscriber profile information, subscriber identificationinformation, phone numbers, an identification code of the communicationsdevice, video information, audio information, control information,information indicative sensor data (e.g., raw individual sensorinformation, combination of sensor information, processed sensorinformation, etc.), or a combination thereof Depending upon the exactconfiguration and type of processor, the memory portion 44 can bevolatile (such as some types of RAM), non-volatile (such as ROM, flashmemory, etc.). The communications device 40 can include additionalstorage (e.g., removable storage and/or non-removable storage)including, tape, flash memory, smart cards, CD-ROM, digital versatiledisks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape,magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, universalserial bus (USB) compatible memory, or the like. In an exampleconfiguration, the memory portion 44, or a portion of the memory portion42 is hardened such that information stored therein can be recovered ifthe communications device 40 is exposed to extreme heat, extremevibration, extreme moisture, corrosive chemicals or gas, or the like. Inan example configuration, the information stored in the hardened portionof the memory portion 44 is encrypted, or otherwise renderedunintelligible without use of an appropriate cryptographic key,password, biometric (voiceprint, fingerprint, retinal image, facialimage, or the like). Wherein, use of the appropriate cryptographic key,password, biometric will render the information stored in the hardenedportion of the memory portion 44 intelligible.

The communications device 40 also can contain a UI portion 48 allowing auser to communicate with the communications device 40. The UI portion 48is capable of rendering any information utilized in conjunctionfacilitating communication with an emergency call taker via a textmessage as described herein. For example, the UI portion 48 can providemeans for entering text, entering a phone number, rendering text,rendering images, rendering multimedia, rendering sound, renderingvideo, receiving sound, or the like, as described herein. The UI portion48 can provide the ability to control the communications device 40, via,for example, buttons, soft keys, voice actuated controls, a touchscreen, movement of the mobile communications device 40, visual cues(e.g., moving a hand in front of a camera on the mobile communicationsdevice 40), or the like. The UI portion 48 can provide visualinformation (e.g., via a display), audio information (e.g., viaspeaker), mechanically (e.g., via a vibrating mechanism), or acombination thereof. In various configurations, the UI portion 48 cancomprise a display, a touch screen, a keyboard, a speaker, or anycombination thereof. The UI portion 48 can comprise means for inputtingbiometric information, such as, for example, fingerprint information,retinal information, voice information, and/or facial characteristicinformation. The UI portion 48 can be utilized to enter an indication ofthe designated destination (e.g., the phone number, IP address, or thelike).

In an example embodiment, the sensor portion 50 of the communicationsdevice 40 comprises the video camera portion 52, the force/wave sensor54, and the microphone 56. The video camera portion 52 comprises acamera and associated equipment capable of capturing still images and/orvideo and to provide the captured still images and/or video to otherportions of the communications device 40. In an example embodiment, theforce/wave sensor 54 comprises an accelerometer, a tilt sensor, anacoustic sensor capable of sensing acoustic energy, an optical sensor(e.g., infrared), or any combination thereof.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an example gateway 18. In an exampleembodiment, the gateway 18 comprises a network entity comprisinghardware or a combination of hardware and software. When used inconjunction with a network, the functionality needed to implementcommunication with an emergency call taker via a text message can residein any one or combination of gateways. The gateway 18 depicted in FIG. 3represents any appropriate network entity, or combination of networkentities, such as a processor, a server, a gateway, etc., or anycombination thereof. In an example configuration, the gateway 18comprises a component or various components of a short message entity ina wireless network. It is emphasized that the block diagram depicted inFIG. 3 is exemplary and not intended to imply a specific implementationor configuration. Thus, the gateway 18 can be implemented in a singleprocessor or multiple processors (e.g., single server or multipleservers, single gateway or multiple gateways, etc.). Multiple networkentities can be distributed or centrally located. Multiple networkentities can communicate wirelessly, via hard wire, or a combinationthereof.

In an example configuration, the gateway 18 comprises a processingportion 62, a memory portion 64, and an input/output portion 38. Theprocessing portion 62, memory portion 64, and input/output portion 38are coupled together (coupling not shown in FIG. 3) to allowcommunications therebetween. The input/output portion 38 is capable ofreceiving and/or providing information from/to a device (e.g., device40) and/or other gateways configured to be utilized when communicatingwith an emergency call taker via a text message.

The processing portion 62 is capable of performing functions associatedwith the communicating with an emergency call taker via a text message,as described herein. For example, the input/output portion 64 is capableof, in conjunction with any other portion of the gateway 18, generatinga text message, processing a received text message, processing aretrieved text message, generating a predetermined message, retrieving apredetermined message, correlating a text message with the informationprovided in a session initiation message, determining a call takerhandling a session, or the like, or any combination thereof.

The memory portion 64 can store any information utilized in conjunctionwith communication with an emergency call taker via a text message, asdescribed herein. For example, the memory portion 64 is capable ofstoring information pertaining to a location of a communications device40, a location of a gateway 18, a predetermined text message, a textmessage, a predetermined audio message, an audio message, subscriberprofile information, subscriber identification information, phonenumbers, an identification code of the communications device, videoinformation, audio information, control information, informationpertaining to a call taker handling a session, information pertaining tocorrelating a text message with information provided in the sessioninitiation message, or a combination thereof. Depending upon the exactconfiguration and type of gateway 18, the memory portion 64 can includecomputer readable storage media that is volatile 68 (such as dynamicRAM), non-volatile 70 (such as ROM), or a combination thereof. Thegateway 18 can include additional storage, in the form of computerreadable storage media (e.g., removable storage 72 and/or non-removablestorage 74) including, but not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, tape, flashmemory, smart cards, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or otheroptical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic diskstorage or other magnetic storage devices, universal serial bus (USB)compatible memory, or any other medium which can be used to storeinformation and which can be accessed by the gateway 18. As describedherein, a computer-readable storage medium is an article of manufacture.

The gateway 18 also can contain communications connection(s) 80 thatallow the gateway 18 to communicate with other devices, networkentities, or the like. A communications connection(s) can comprisecommunication media. Communication media typically embody computerreadable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data ina modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transportmechanism and includes any information delivery media. Communicationmedia can include wired media such as a wired network or direct-wiredconnection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared, and otherwireless media. The term computer readable media as used herein includesboth storage media and communication media. The gateway 18 also caninclude input device(s) 76 such as keyboard, mouse, pen, voice inputdevice, touch input device, etc. Output device(s) 78 such as a display,speakers, printer, etc. also can be included.

The communications device (e.g., communications device 40) and thenetwork entity (gateway 18) can be part of and/or in communication withvarious wireless communications networks. Some of which are describedbelow.

FIG. 4 depicts an overall block diagram of an exemplary packet-basedmobile cellular network environment, such as a GPRS network, in whichcommunication with an emergency call taker via a text message can beimplemented. In the exemplary packet-based mobile cellular networkenvironment shown in FIG. 4, there are a plurality of Base StationSubsystems (“BSS”) 400 (only one is shown), each of which comprises aBase Station Controller (“BSC”) 402 serving a plurality of BaseTransceiver Stations (“BTS”) such as BTSs 404, 406, and 408. BTSs 404,406, 408, etc. are the access points where users of packet-based mobiledevices become connected to the wireless network. In exemplary fashion,the packet traffic originating from user devices is transported via anover-the-air interface to a BTS 408, and from the BTS 408 to the BSC402. Base station subsystems, such as BSS 400, are a part of internalframe relay network 410 that can include Service GPRS Support Nodes(“SGSN”) such as SGSN 412 and 414. Each SGSN is connected to an internalpacket network 420 through which a SGSN 412, 414, etc. can route datapackets to and from a plurality of gateway GPRS support nodes (GGSN)422, 424, 426, etc. As illustrated, SGSN 414 and GGSNs 422, 424, and 426are part of internal packet network 420. Gateway GPRS serving nodes 422,424 and 426 mainly provide an interface to external Internet Protocol(“IP”) networks such as Public Land Mobile Network (“PLMN”) 450,corporate intranets 440, or Fixed-End System (“FES”) or the publicInternet 430. As illustrated, subscriber corporate network 440 may beconnected to GGSN 424 via firewall 432; and PLMN 450 is connected toGGSN 424 via boarder gateway router 434. The Remote AuthenticationDial-In User Service (“RADIUS”) server 442 may be used for callerauthentication when a user of a mobile cellular device calls corporatenetwork 440.

Generally, there can be a several cell sizes in a GSM network, referredto as macro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells. The coverage area ofeach cell is different in different environments. Macro cells can beregarded as cells in which the base station antenna is installed in amast or a building above average roof top level. Micro cells are cellswhose antenna height is under average roof top level. Micro-cells aretypically used in urban areas. Pico cells are small cells having adiameter of a few dozen meters. Pico cells are used mainly indoors.Femto cells have the same size as pico cells, but a smaller transportcapacity. Femto cells are used indoors, in residential, or smallbusiness environments. On the other hand, umbrella cells are used tocover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coveragebetween those cells.

FIG. 5 illustrates an architecture of a typical GPRS network in whichcommunication with an emergency call taker via a text message can beimplemented. The architecture depicted in FIG. 5 is segmented into fourgroups: users 550, radio access network 560, core network 570, andinterconnect network 580. Users 550 comprise a plurality of end users.Note, device 512 is referred to as a mobile subscriber in thedescription of network shown in FIG. 5. In an example embodiment, thedevice depicted as mobile subscriber 512 comprises a communicationsdevice (e.g., wireless anti-theft security communications device 12).Radio access network 560 comprises a plurality of base stationsubsystems such as BSSs 562, which include BTSs 564 and BSCs 566. Corenetwork 570 comprises a host of various network elements. As illustratedin FIG. 5, core network 570 may comprise Mobile Switching Center (“MSC”)571, Service Control Point (“SCP”) 572, gateway MSC 573, SGSN 576, HomeLocation Register (“HLR”) 574, Authentication Center (“AuC”) 575, DomainName Server (“DNS”) 577, and GGSN 578. Interconnect network 580 alsocomprises a host of various networks and other network elements. Asillustrated in FIG. 5, interconnect network 580 comprises PublicSwitched Telephone Network (“PSTN”) 582, Fixed-End System (“FES”) orInternet 584, firewall 588, and Corporate Network 589.

A mobile switching center can be connected to a large number of basestation controllers. At MSC 571, for instance, depending on the type oftraffic, the traffic may be separated in that voice may be sent toPublic Switched Telephone Network (“PSTN”) 582 through Gateway MSC(“GMSC”) 573, and/or data may be sent to SGSN 576, which then sends thedata traffic to GGSN 578 for further forwarding.

When MSC 571 receives call traffic, for example, from BSC 566, it sendsa query to a database hosted by SCP 572. The SCP 572 processes therequest and issues a response to MSC 571 so that it may continue callprocessing as appropriate.

The HLR 574 is a centralized database for users to register to the GPRSnetwork. HLR 574 stores static information about the subscribers such asthe International Mobile Subscriber Identity (“IMSI”), subscribedservices, and a key for authenticating the subscriber. HLR 574 alsostores dynamic subscriber information such as the current location ofthe mobile subscriber. Associated with HLR 574 is AuC 575. AuC 575 is adatabase that contains the algorithms for authenticating subscribers andincludes the associated keys for encryption to safeguard the user inputfor authentication.

In the following, depending on context, the term “mobile subscriber”sometimes refers to the end user and sometimes to the actual portabledevice, such as a mobile device, used by an end user of the mobilecellular service. When a mobile subscriber turns on his or her mobiledevice, the mobile device goes through an attach process by which themobile device attaches to an SGSN of the GPRS network. In FIG. 5, whenmobile subscriber 512 initiates the attach process by turning on thenetwork capabilities of the mobile device, an attach request is sent bymobile subscriber 512 to SGSN 576. The SGSN 576 queries another SGSN, towhich mobile subscriber 512 was attached before, for the identity ofmobile subscriber 512. Upon receiving the identity of mobile subscriber512 from the other SGSN, SGSN 576 requests more information from mobilesubscriber 512. This information is used to authenticate mobilesubscriber 512 to SGSN 576 by HLR 574. Once verified, SGSN 576 sends alocation update to HLR 574 indicating the change of location to a newSGSN, in this case SGSN 576. HLR 574 notifies the old SGSN, to whichmobile subscriber 512 was attached before, to cancel the locationprocess for mobile subscriber 512. HLR 574 then notifies SGSN 576 thatthe location update has been performed. At this time, SGSN 576 sends anAttach Accept message to mobile subscriber 512, which in turn sends anAttach Complete message to SGSN 576.

After attaching itself with the network, mobile subscriber 512 then goesthrough the authentication process. In the authentication process, SGSN576 sends the authentication information to HLR 574, which sendsinformation back to SGSN 576 based on the user profile that was part ofthe user's initial setup. The SGSN 576 then sends a request forauthentication and ciphering to mobile subscriber 512. The mobilesubscriber 512 uses an algorithm to send the user identification (ID)and password to SGSN 576. The SGSN 576 uses the same algorithm andcompares the result. If a match occurs, SGSN 576 authenticates mobilesubscriber 512.

Next, the mobile subscriber 512 establishes a user session with thedestination network, corporate network 589, by going through a PacketData Protocol (“PDP”) activation process. Briefly, in the process,mobile subscriber 512 requests access to the Access Point Name (“APN”),for example, UPS.com, and SGSN 576 receives the activation request frommobile subscriber 512. SGSN 576 then initiates a Domain Name Service(“DNS”) query to learn which GGSN node has access to the UPS.com APN.The DNS query is sent to the DNS server within the core network 570,such as DNS 577, which is provisioned to map to one or more GGSN nodesin the core network 570. Based on the APN, the mapped GGSN 578 canaccess the requested corporate network 589. The SGSN 576 then sends toGGSN 578 a Create Packet Data Protocol (“PDP”) Context Request messagethat contains necessary information. The GGSN 578 sends a Create PDPContext Response message to SGSN 576, which then sends an Activate PDPContext Accept message to mobile subscriber 512.

Once activated, data packets of the call made by mobile subscriber 512can then go through radio access network 560, core network 570, andinterconnect network 580, in a particular fixed-end system or Internet584 and firewall 588, to reach corporate network 589.

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary block diagram view of a GSM/GPRS/IPmultimedia network architecture within which communication with anemergency call taker via a text message can be implemented. Asillustrated, the architecture of FIG. 6 includes a GSM core network 601,a GPRS network 630 and an IP multimedia network 638. The GSM corenetwork 601 includes a Mobile Station (MS) 602, at least one BaseTransceiver Station (BTS) 604 and a Base Station Controller (BSC) 606.The MS 602 is physical equipment or Mobile Equipment (ME), such as amobile phone or a laptop computer that is used by mobile subscribers,with a Subscriber identity Module (SIM) or a Universal IntegratedCircuit Card (UICC). The SIM or UICC includes an International MobileSubscriber Identity (IMSI), which is a unique identifier of asubscriber. The BTS 604 is physical equipment, such as a radio tower,that enables a radio interface to communicate with the MS. Each BTS mayserve more than one MS. The BSC 606 manages radio resources, includingthe BTS. The BSC may be connected to several BTSs. The BSC and BTScomponents, in combination, are generally referred to as a base station(BSS) or radio access network (RAN) 603.

The GSM core network 601 also includes a Mobile Switching Center (MSC)608, a Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC) 610, a Home LocationRegister (HLR) 612, Visitor Location Register (VLR) 614, anAuthentication Center (AuC) 618, and an Equipment Identity Register(EIR) 616. The MSC 608 performs a switching function for the network.The MSC also performs other functions, such as registration,authentication, location updating, handovers, and call routing. The GMSC610 provides a gateway between the GSM network and other networks, suchas an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) or Public SwitchedTelephone Networks (PSTNs) 620. Thus, the GMSC 610 provides interworkingfunctionality with external networks.

The HLR 612 is a database that contains administrative informationregarding each subscriber registered in a corresponding GSM network. TheHLR 612 also contains the current location of each MS. The VLR 614 is adatabase that contains selected administrative information from the HLR612. The VLR contains information necessary for call control andprovision of subscribed services for each MS currently located in ageographical area controlled by the VLR. The HLR 612 and the VLR 614,together with the MSC 608, provide the call routing and roamingcapabilities of GSM. The AuC 616 provides the parameters needed forauthentication and encryption functions. Such parameters allowverification of a subscriber's identity. The EIR 618 storessecurity-sensitive information about the mobile equipment.

A Short Message Service Center (SMSC) 609 allows one-to-one ShortMessage Service (SMS) messages to be sent to/from the MS 602. A PushProxy Gateway (PPG) 611 is used to “push” (i.e., send without asynchronous request) content to the MS 602. The PPG 611 acts as a proxybetween wired and wireless networks to facilitate pushing of data to theMS 602. A Short Message Peer to Peer (SMPP) protocol router 613 isprovided to convert SMS-based SMPP messages to cell broadcast messages.SMPP is a protocol for exchanging SMS messages between SMS peer entitiessuch as short message service centers. The SMPP protocol is often usedto allow third parties, e.g., content suppliers such as newsorganizations, to submit bulk messages.

To gain access to GSM services, such as speech, data, and short messageservice (SMS), the MS first registers with the network to indicate itscurrent location by performing a location update and IMSI attachprocedure. The MS 602 sends a location update including its currentlocation information to the MSC/VLR, via the BTS 604 and the BSC 606.The location information is then sent to the MS's HLR. The HLR isupdated with the location information received from the MSC/VLR. Thelocation update also is performed when the MS moves to a new locationarea. Typically, the location update is periodically performed to updatethe database as location updating events occur.

The GPRS network 630 is logically implemented on the GSM core networkarchitecture by introducing two packet-switching network nodes, aserving GPRS support node (SGSN) 632, a cell broadcast and a GatewayGPRS support node (GGSN) 634. The SGSN 632 is at the same hierarchicallevel as the MSC 608 in the GSM network. The SGSN controls theconnection between the GPRS network and the MS 602. The SGSN also keepstrack of individual MS's locations and security functions and accesscontrols.

A Cell Broadcast Center (CBC) 14 communicates cell broadcast messagesthat are typically delivered to multiple users in a specified area. CellBroadcast is one-to-many geographically focused service. It enablesmessages to be communicated to multiple mobile phone customers who arelocated within a given part of its network coverage area at the time themessage is broadcast.

The GGSN 634 provides a gateway between the GPRS network and a publicpacket network (PDN) or other IP networks 636. That is, the GGSNprovides interworking functionality with external networks, and sets upa logical link to the MS through the SGSN. When packet-switched dataleaves the GPRS network, it is transferred to an external TCP-IP network636, such as an X.25 network or the Internet. In order to access GPRSservices, the MS first attaches itself to the GPRS network by performingan attach procedure. The MS then activates a packet data protocol (PDP)context, thus activating a packet communication session between the MS,the SGSN, and the GGSN.

In a GSM/GPRS network, GPRS services and GSM services can be used inparallel. The MS can operate in one of three classes: class A, class B,and class C. A class A MS can attach to the network for both GPRSservices and GSM services simultaneously. A class A MS also supportssimultaneous operation of GPRS services and GSM services. For example,class A mobiles can receive GSM voice/data/SMS calls and GPRS data callsat the same time.

A class B MS can attach to the network for both GPRS services and GSMservices simultaneously. However, a class B MS does not supportsimultaneous operation of the GPRS services and GSM services. That is, aclass B MS can only use one of the two services at a given time.

A class C MS can attach for only one of the GPRS services and GSMservices at a time. Simultaneous attachment and operation of GPRSservices and GSM services is not possible with a class C MS.

A GPRS network 630 can be designed to operate in three network operationmodes (NOM1, NOM2 and NOM3). A network operation mode of a GPRS networkis indicated by a parameter in system information messages transmittedwithin a cell. The system information messages dictates a MS where tolisten for paging messages and how to signal towards the network. Thenetwork operation mode represents the capabilities of the GPRS network.In a NOM1 network, a MS can receive pages from a circuit switched domain(voice call) when engaged in a data call. The MS can suspend the datacall or take both simultaneously, depending on the ability of the MS. Ina NOM2 network, a MS may not received pages from a circuit switcheddomain when engaged in a data call, since the MS is receiving data andis not listening to a paging channel. In a NOM3 network, a MS canmonitor pages for a circuit switched network while received data andvise versa.

The IP multimedia network 638 was introduced with 3GPP Release 6, andincludes an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) 640 to provide rich multimediaservices to end users. A representative set of the network entitieswithin the IMS 640 are a call/session control function (CSCF), a mediagateway control function (MGCF) 646, a media gateway (MGW) 648, and amaster subscriber database, called a home subscriber server (HSS) 650.The HSS 650 may be common to the GSM network 601, the GPRS network 630as well as the IP multimedia network 638.

The IP multimedia system 640 is built around the call/session controlfunction, of which there are three types: an interrogating CSCF (I-CSCF)643, a proxy CSCF (P-CSCF) 642, and a serving CSCF (S-CSCF) 644. TheP-CSCF 642 is the MS's first point of contact with the IMS 640. TheP-CSCF 642 forwards session initiation protocol (SIP) messages receivedfrom the MS to an SIP server in a home network (and vice versa) of theMS. The P-CSCF 642 may also modify an outgoing request according to aset of rules defined by the network operator (for example, addressanalysis and potential modification).

The I-CSCF 643, forms an entrance to a home network and hides the innertopology of the home network from other networks and providesflexibility for selecting an S-CSCF. The I-CSCF 643 may contact asubscriber location function (SLF) 645 to determine which HSS 650 to usefor the particular subscriber, if multiple HSS's 650 are present. TheS-CSCF 644 performs the session control services for the MS 602. Thisincludes routing originating sessions to external networks and routingterminating sessions to visited networks. The S-CSCF 644 also decideswhether an application server (AS) 652 is required to receiveinformation on an incoming SIP session request to ensure appropriateservice handling. This decision is based on information received fromthe HSS 650 (or other sources, such as an application server 652). TheAS 652 also communicates to a location server 656 (e.g., a GatewayMobile Location Center (GMLC)) that provides a position (e.g.,latitude/longitude coordinates) of the MS 602.

The HSS 650 contains a subscriber profile and keeps track of which corenetwork node is currently handling the subscriber. It also supportssubscriber authentication and authorization functions (AAA). In networkswith more than one HSS 650, a subscriber location function providesinformation on the HSS 650 that contains the profile of a givensubscriber.

The MGCF 646 provides interworking functionality between SIP sessioncontrol signaling from the IMS 640 and ISUP/BICC call control signalingfrom the external GSTN networks (not shown). It also controls the mediagateway (MGW) 648 that provides user-plane interworking functionality(e.g., converting between AMR- and PCM-coded voice). The MGW 648 alsocommunicates with other IP multimedia networks 654.

Push to Talk over Cellular (PoC) capable mobile phones register with thewireless network when the phones are in a predefined area (e.g., jobsite, etc.). When the mobile phones leave the area, they register withthe network in their new location as being outside the predefined area.This registration, however, does not indicate the actual physicallocation of the mobile phones outside the pre-defined area.

FIG. 7 illustrates a PLMN block diagram view of an exemplaryarchitecture in which the above described embodiments of communicationwith an emergency call taker via a text message may be incorporated.Mobile Station (MS) 701 is the physical equipment used by the PLMNsubscriber. In one illustrative embodiment, communications device 40 mayserve as Mobile Station 701. Mobile Station 701 may be one of, but notlimited to, a cellular telephone, a cellular telephone in combinationwith another electronic device or any other wireless mobilecommunication device.

Mobile Station 701 may communicate wirelessly with Base Station System(BSS) 710. BSS 710 contains a Base Station Controller (BSC) 711 and aBase Transceiver Station (BTS) 712. BSS 710 may include a single BSC711/BTS 712 pair (Base Station) or a system of BSC/BTS pairs which arepart of a larger network. BSS 710 is responsible for communicating withMobile Station 701 and may support one or more cells. BSS 710 isresponsible for handling cellular traffic and signaling between MobileStation 701 and Core Network 740. Typically, BSS 710 performs functionsthat include, but are not limited to, digital conversion of speechchannels, allocation of channels to mobile devices, paging, andtransmission/reception of cellular signals.

Additionally, Mobile Station 701 may communicate wirelessly with RadioNetwork System (RNS) 720. RNS 720 contains a Radio Network Controller(RNC) 721 and one or more Node(s) B 722. RNS 720 may support one or morecells. RNS 720 may also include one or more RNC 721/Node B 722 pairs oralternatively a single RNC 721 may manage multiple Nodes B 722. RNS 720is responsible for communicating with Mobile Station 701 in itsgeographically defined area. RNC 721 is responsible for controlling theNode(s) B 722 that are connected to it and is a control element in aUMTS radio access network. RNC 721 performs functions such as, but notlimited to, load control, packet scheduling, handover control, securityfunctions, as well as controlling Mobile Station 701's access to theCore Network (CN) 740.

The evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) 730 is aradio access network that provides wireless data communications forMobile Station 701 and User Equipment 702. E-UTRAN 730 provides higherdata rates than traditional UMTS. It is part of the Long Term Evolution(LTE) upgrade for mobile networks and later releases meet therequirements of the International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)Advanced and are commonly known as a 4G networks. E-UTRAN 730 mayinclude of series of logical network components such as E-UTRAN Node B(eNB) 731 and E-UTRAN Node B (eNB) 732. E-UTRAN 730 may contain one ormore eNBs. User Equipment 702 may be any user device capable ofconnecting to E-UTRAN 730 including, but not limited to, a personalcomputer, laptop, mobile device, wireless router, or other devicecapable of wireless connectivity to E-UTRAN 730. The improvedperformance of the E-UTRAN 730 relative to a typical UMTS network allowsfor increased bandwidth, spectral efficiency, and functionalityincluding, but not limited to, voice, high-speed applications, largedata transfer and IPTV, while still allowing for full mobility.

An exemplary embodiment of a mobile data and communication service thatmay be implemented in the PLMN architecture described in FIG. 7 is theEnhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE). EDGE is an enhancement forGPRS networks that implements an improved signal modulation scheme knownas 7-PSK (Phase Shift Keying). By increasing network utilization, EDGEmay achieve up to three times faster data rates as compared to a typicalGPRS network. EDGE may be implemented on any GSM network capable ofhosting a GPRS network, making it an ideal upgrade over GPRS since itmay provide increased functionality of existing network resources.Evolved EDGE networks are becoming standardized in later releases of theradio telecommunication standards, which provide for even greaterefficiency and peak data rates of up to 1 Mbit/s, while still allowingimplementation on existing GPRS-capable network infrastructure.

Typically Mobile Station 701 may communicate with any or all of BSS 710,RNS 720, or E-UTRAN 730. In a illustrative system, each of BSS 710, RNS720, and E-UTRAN 730 may provide Mobile Station 701 with access to CoreNetwork 740. The Core Network 740 may include of a series of devicesthat route data and communications between end users. Core Network 740may provide network service functions to users in the Circuit Switched(CS) domain, the Packet Switched (PS) domain or both. The CS domainrefers to connections in which dedicated network resources are allocatedat the time of connection establishment and then released when theconnection is terminated. The PS domain refers to communications anddata transfers that make use of autonomous groupings of bits calledpackets. Each packet may be routed, manipulated, processed or handledindependently of all other packets in the PS domain and does not requirededicated network resources.

The Circuit Switched-Media Gateway Function (CS-MGW) 741 is part of CoreNetwork 740, and interacts with Visitor Location Register (VLR) andMobile-Services Switching Center (MSC) Server 760 and Gateway MSC Server761 in order to facilitate Core Network 740 resource control in the CSdomain. Functions of CS-MGW 741 include, but are not limited to, mediaconversion, bearer control, payload processing and other mobile networkprocessing such as handover or anchoring. CS-MGW 740 may receiveconnections to Mobile Station 701 through BSS 710, RNS 720 or both.

Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) 742 stores subscriber data regardingMobile Station 701 in order to facilitate network functionality. SGSN742 may store subscription information such as, but not limited to, theInternational Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), temporary identities,or Packet Data Protocol (PDP) addresses. SGSN 742 may also storelocation information such as, but not limited to, the Gateway GPRSSupport Node (GGSN) 744 address for each GGSN where an active PDPexists. GGSN 744 may implement a location register function to storesubscriber data it receives from SGSN 742 such as subscription orlocation information.

Serving Gateway (S-GW) 743 is an interface which provides connectivitybetween E-UTRAN 730 and Core Network 740. Functions of S-GW 743 include,but are not limited to, packet routing, packet forwarding, transportlevel packet processing, event reporting to Policy and Charging RulesFunction (PCRF) 750, and mobility anchoring for inter-network mobility.PCRF 750 uses information gathered from S-GW 743, as well as othersources, to make applicable policy and charging decisions related todata flows, network resources and other network administrationfunctions. Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN-GW) 745 may provideuser-to-services connectivity functionality including, but not limitedto, network-wide mobility anchoring, bearer session anchoring andcontrol, and IP address allocation for PS domain connections.

Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 763 is a database for user information, andstores subscription data regarding Mobile Station 701 or User Equipment702 for handling calls or data sessions. Networks may contain one HSS763 or more if additional resources are required. Exemplary data storedby HSS 763 include, but is not limited to, user identification,numbering and addressing information, security information, or locationinformation. HSS 763 may also provide call or session establishmentprocedures in both the PS and CS domains.

The VLR/MSC Server 760 provides user location functionality. When MobileStation 701 enters a new network location, it begins a registrationprocedure. A MSC Server for that location transfers the locationinformation to the VLR for the area. A VLR and MSC Server may be locatedin the same computing environment, as is shown by VLR/MSC Server 760, oralternatively may be located in separate computing environments. A VLRmay contain, but is not limited to, user information such as the IMSI,the Temporary Mobile Station Identity (TMSI), the Local Mobile StationIdentity (LMSI), the last known location of the mobile station, or theSGSN where the mobile station was previously registered. The MSC servermay contain information such as, but not limited to, procedures forMobile Station 701 registration or procedures for handover of MobileStation 701 to a different section of the Core Network 740. GMSC Server761 may serve as a connection to alternate GMSC Servers for other mobilestations in larger networks.

Equipment Identity Register (EIR) 762 is a logical element which maystore the International Mobile Equipment Identities (IMEI) for MobileStation 701. In a typical embodiment, user equipment may be classifiedas either “white listed” or “black listed” depending on its status inthe network. In one embodiment, if Mobile Station 701 is stolen and putto use by an unauthorized user, it may be registered as “black listed”in EIR 762, preventing its use on the network. Mobility ManagementEntity (MME) 764 is a control node which may track Mobile Station 701 orUser Equipment 702 if the devices are idle. Additional functionality mayinclude the ability of MME 764 to contact an idle Mobile Station 701 orUser Equipment 702 if retransmission of a previous session is required.

While example embodiments of communication with an emergency call takervia a text message have been described in connection with variouscomputing devices/processors, the underlying concepts can be applied toany computing device, processor, or system capable of facilitatingcommunication with an emergency call taker via a text message asdescribed herein. The methods and apparatuses for facilitatingcommunication with an emergency call taker via a text message, orcertain aspects or portions thereof, can take the form of program code(i.e., instructions) embodied in tangible storage media having aphysical structure, such as floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, orany other machine-readable storage medium having a physical tangiblestructure (computer-readable storage medium), wherein, when the programcode is loaded into and executed by a machine, such as a computer, themachine becomes an apparatus for implementing communication with anemergency call taker via a text message. A computer-readable storagemedium, as described herein is an article of manufacture. In the case ofprogram code execution on programmable computers, the computing devicewill generally include a processor, a storage medium readable by theprocessor (including volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storageelements), at least one input device, and at least one output device.The program(s) can be implemented in assembly or machine language, ifdesired. The language can be a compiled or interpreted language, andcombined with hardware implementations.

The methods and apparatuses for communication with an emergency calltaker via a text message can be practiced via communications embodied inthe form of program code that is transmitted over some transmissionmedium, such as over electrical wiring or cabling, through fiber optics,wherein, when the program code is received and loaded into and executedby a machine, such as an EPROM, a gate array, a programmable logicdevice (PLD), a client computer, or the like, the machine becomes anapparatus for facilitating communication with an emergency call takervia a text message. When implemented on a general-purpose processor, theprogram code combines with the processor to provide a unique apparatusthat operates to invoke the functionality communication with anemergency call taker via a text message.

While communication with an emergency call taker via a text message hasbeen described in connection with the various embodiments of the variousfigures, it is to be understood that other similar embodiments can beused or modifications and additions can be made to the describedembodiments for facilitating communication with an emergency call takervia a text message. For example, one skilled in the art will recognizethat using a communications device to facilitate communication with anemergency call taker via a text message as described in the presentapplication may apply to any environment, whether wired or wireless, andmay be applied to any number of such devices connected via acommunications network and interacting across the network. Therefore,communication with an emergency call taker via a text message should notbe limited to any single embodiment, but rather should be construed inbreadth and scope in accordance with the appended claims.

What is claimed:
 1. A method comprising: receiving a session initiationmessage for a text message session to be established between a deviceand public safety answering point (PSAP) equipment, wherein: the sessioninitiation message is received prior to establishing the text messagesession; the session initiation message is received from other than anoriginator of the text message; the session initiation messagecomprises: an identification of the PSAP equipment; and anidentification of the device; receiving a text message; determining,based on the received text message, that the device provided the textmessage; determining, based on the determination that the deviceprovided the text message and the received session initiation message,that the PSAP equipment is processing the text messaging session; andproviding the text message, wherein an intended recipient of theprovided text message is the device.
 2. The method of claim 1, whereinthe text message is received responsive to a second text messageindicating that a text messaging session has been established.
 3. Themethod of claim 1, wherein an intermediate destination of the textmessage is an emergency service.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein thetext message is immediately forwarded upon a determination that thedestination address is an emergency service.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein the method is performed by a processor.
 6. A gateway comprising:memory having executable instructions stored thereon; and a processorcommunicatively coupled to the memory, the processor configured toexecute the executable instructions to perform operations comprising:receiving a session initiation message for a text message session to beestablished between a device and public safety answering point (PSAP)equipment wherein: the session initiation message is received prior toestablishing the text messaging session; the session initiation messageis received from other than an originator of the text message; thesession initiation message comprises: an identification of the PSAPequipment; and an identification the device; receiving a text message;determining, based on the received text message, that the deviceprovided the text message; determining, based on the determination thatthe device provided the text message and the received session initiationmessage, that the PSAP equipment is processing the text messagingsession; and providing the text message, wherein an intended recipientof the provided text message is the device.
 7. The gateway of claim 6,wherein the text message is received responsive to a second text messageindicating that a text messaging session has been established.
 8. Thegateway of claim 6, wherein an intermediate destination of the textmessage is an emergency service.
 9. The gateway of claim 8, wherein thetext message is immediately forwarded upon a determination that thedestination address is an emergency service.
 10. A computer readablestorage medium that is not a transient signal, the computer readablestorage medium having executable instructions stored thereon, theinstructions, when executed, perform operations comprising: receiving asession initiation message for a text message session to be establishedbetween a device and public safety answering point (PSAP) equipment,wherein: the session initiation message is received prior toestablishing the text message session; the session initiation message isreceived from other than an originator of the text message; the sessioninitiation message comprises: an identification of the PSAP equipment;and an identification of the device; receiving a text message;determining, based on the received text message, that the deviceprovided the text message; determining, based on the determination thatthe device provided the text message and the received session initiationmessage, that the PSAP equipment is processing the text messagingsession; and providing the text message, wherein an intended recipientof the provided text message is the device.
 11. The storage medium ofclaim 10, wherein the text message is received responsive to a secondtext message indicating that a text messaging session has beenestablished.
 12. The storage medium of claim 10, wherein an intermediatedestination of the text message is
 911. 13. The storage medium of claim12, wherein the text message is immediately forwarded upon adetermination that the destination address is 911.